On this page you find summaries, notes, study guides and many more for the study book The Immune System, written by Peter Parham. The Immune System 3th (third) edition by Peter Parham (2009-05-03) by [D.o.w.n.l.o.a.d N.o.w The Immune.
Overview of phagocytosis
This introductory text has been designed primarily for use in immunology courses. It synthesizes the established facts of immunology into a comprehensible account of how the immune system works. Nov 5, 2018 - Only 3rd Third Ebook Download, Free By Peter Parham The Immune System Text Only 3rd. Third Download Pdf, Free Pdf By Peter Parham.
Phagocytosis (from Ancient GreekÏαγεá¿Î½(phagein), meaning 'to eat', and κÏÏοÏ, (kytos), meaning 'cell') is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (⥠0.5 μm) , giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. Office 2016 mac download activated.
The engulfing of a pathogen by a phagocyte
In a multicellular organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. The ingested material is then digested in the phagosome. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytized. Some protozoa use phagocytosis as means to obtain nutrients.
History[edit]
Phagocytosis was first noted by Canadian physician William Osler (1876),[1] and later studied and named by Ãlie Metchnikoff (1880, 1883).[2]
In immune system[edit]
Scanning electron micrograph of a phagocyte (yellow, right) phagocytosing anthrax bacilli (orange, left)
Phagocytosis is one of the main mechanisms of the innate immune defense. It is one of the first processes responding to infection, and is also one of the initiating branches of an adaptive immune response. https://everstores.weebly.com/blog/compound-effect-hardy-download-torrent. Although most cells are capable of phagocytosis, some cell types perform it as part of their main function. These are called 'professional phagocytes.' Phagocytosis is old in evolutionary terms, being present even in invertebrates.[3]
Professional phagocytic cells[edit]
Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, osteoclasts and eosinophils can be classified as professional phagocytes.[2] The first three have the greatest role in immune response to most infections.[3]
The role of neutrophils is patrolling the bloodstream and rapid migration to the tissues in large numbers only in case of infection.[3] There they have direct microbicidal effect by phagocytosis. After ingestion, neutrophils are efficient in intracellular killing of pathogens. Neutrophils phagocytose mainly via the Fcγ receptors and complement receptors 1 and 3. The microbicidal effect of neutrophils is due to a large repertoire of molecules present in pre-formed granules. Enzymes and other molecules prepared in these granules are proteases, such as collagenase, gelatinase or serine proteases, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin and antibiotic proteins. Degranulation of these into the phagosome, accompanied by high reactive oxygen species production (oxidative burst) is highly microbicidal.[4]
Monocytes, and the macrophages that mature from them, leave blood circulation to migrate through tissues. There they are resident cells and form a resting barrier.[3] Macrophages initiate phagocytosis by mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, Fcγ receptors and complement receptors 1, 3 and 4. Macrophages are long-lived and can continue phagocytosis by forming new lysosomes.[3][5]
Dev c++ latest version free download for windows 8. Dendritic cells also reside in tissues and ingest pathogens by phagocytosis. Their role is not killing or clearance of microbes, but rather breaking them down for antigen presentation to the cells of the adaptive immune system.[3]
Initiating receptors[edit]
Receptors for phagocytosis can be divided into two categories by recognised molecules. The first, opsonic receptors, are dependent on opsonins.[6] Among these are receptors that recognise the Fc part of bound IgG antibodies, deposited complement or receptors, that recognise other opsonins of cell or plasma origin. Non-opsonic receptors include lectin-type receptors, Dectin receptor, or scavenger receptors. Some phagocytic pathways require a second signal from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activated by attachment to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which leads to NF-κB activation.[2]
Fcγ Receptors[edit]
Fcγ receptors recognise IgG coated targets. The main recognised part is the Fc fragment. The molecule of the receptor contain an intracellular ITAM domain or associates with an ITAM-containing adaptor molecule. ITAM domains transduce the signal from the surface of the phagocyte to the nucleus. For example activating receptors of human macrophages are FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIII.[5] Fcγ receptor mediated phagocytosis includes formation of protrusions of the cell called a 'phagocytic cup' and activates an oxidative burst in neutrophils.[4]
Complement receptors[edit]
These receptors recognise targets coated in C3b, C4b and C3bi from plasma complement. The extracellular domain of the receptors contains a lectin-like complement-binding domain. Recognition by complement receptors is not enough to cause internalisation without additional signals. In macrophages, the CR1, CR3 and CR4 are responsible for recognition of targets. Complement coated targets are internalised by 'sinking' into the phagocyte membrane, without any protrusions.[5]
Mannose receptors[edit]
Adobe creative suite cleaner tool mac. Mannose and other pathogen-associated sugars, such as fucose, are recognised by the mannose receptor. Eight lectin-like domains form the extracellular part of the receptor. The ingestion mediated by the mannose receptor is distinct in molecular mechanisms from Fcγ receptor or complement receptor mediated phagocytosis.[5]
Phagosome[edit]
Engulfment of material is facilitated by the actin-myosin contractile system. The phagosome is the organelle formed by phagocytosis of material. https://everstores.weebly.com/blog/a-transition-to-mathematics-with-proofs-cullinane-download-torrent. It then moves toward the centrosome of the phagocyte and is fused with lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome and leading to degradation. Progressively, the phagolysosome is acidified, activating degradative enzymes.[2][7]
Degradation can be oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent. Mass effect 2 kasumi dlc download.
Leukocytes generate hydrogen cyanide during phagocytosis, and can kill bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens by generating several other toxic chemicals.[9][10][11]
Some Bacteria, for example Treponema pallidum, Escheria coli or Staphylococcus aureus, are able to avoid phagocytosis by several mechanisms.
In apoptosis[edit]
Following apoptosis, the dying cells need to be taken up into the surrounding tissues by macrophages in a process called efferocytosis. One of the features of an apoptotic cell is the presentation of a variety of intracellular molecules on the cell surface, such as calreticulin, phosphatidylserine (from the inner layer of the plasma membrane), annexin A1, oxidised LDL and altered glycans.[12] These molecules are recognised by receptors on the cell surface of the macrophage such as the phosphatidylserine receptor or by soluble (free-floating) receptors such as thrombospondin 1, GAS6, and MFGE8, which themselves then bind to other receptors on the macrophage such as CD36 and alpha-v beta-3 integrin. Defects in apoptotic cell clearance is usually associated with impaired phagocytosis of macrophages. Accumulation of apoptotic cell remnants often causes autoimmune disorders; thus pharmacological potentiation of phagocytosis has a medical potential in treatment of certain forms of autoimmune disorders.[13][14][15][16]
Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with ingested erythrocytes
In protists[edit]
In many protists, phagocytosis is used as a means of feeding, providing part or all of their nourishment. This is called phagotrophic nutrition, distinguished from osmotrophic nutrition which takes place by absorption.[citation needed]
As in phagocytic immune cells, the resulting phagosome may be merged with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes, forming a phagolysosome. The food particles will then be digested, and the released nutrients are diffused or transported into the cytosol for use in other metabolic processes.[18]
https://entrancementmouse656.weebly.com/dungeons-dragons-tactics-iso-download.html. Mixotrophy can involve phagotrophic nutrition and phototrophic nutrition.[19]
![]() See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phagocytosis&oldid=899296217'
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This introductory text has been designed primarily for use in immunology courses. It synthesizes the established facts of immunology into a comprehensible account of how the immune system works.
Published October 15th 2014 by Garland Publishing
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Sep 13, 2011Benjamin rated it really liked it · review of another edition
fairly dense in detail, but overall I think it is precisely the level of detail and specifics that I appreciate in a medical textbook. I keep pulling it out and finding new chapters that are worth reading, which is a good sign.
Jan 08, 2019Alexander Temerev rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
This is one of two books I know that for me is the model of efficient knowledge transfer. Highly recommended to everybody with even the slightest interest in immunology.
Feb 25, 2016Dana Sadek rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Sep 07, 2009Kai rated it it was ok · review of another edition
this book is repetitive, contradictory, and generally extremely confusing
a poor choice in my opinion to learn immunology
Dec 13, 2012Angie rated it liked it · review of another edition
Yes, the topic is interesting. Yes, I read it for an elective course. Yes, it's wordy and overwhelming at times but informational.
Aug 25, 2011Elizabeth rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Recommends it for: Pre-Med students, biomedical engineers, medical students
Delightful read. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in immunology.
Jan 06, 2018Sean rated it it was ok · review of another edition
Decent book, with a lot of detail. Some things are well explained, but some are very convoluted.
Jan 08, 2019July Oo rated it did not like it · review of another edition
Sep 25, 2013Samangie rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Rough for the first timer, but the more comfortable you become with immunology, the more comfortable you become with this book. I ordered it to fill in the gaps of our 'assigned' text in my immunology course. I loved it. Spent more time on making the details clear, which I appreciated. However, I could see how - if you're looking for a cliff notes version of immunology - this just wouldn't be your cup of tea. Only serious educators, and life-long learners need apply. I still pick it up from time.more
Jun 16, 2012Robyn rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Bought for pharmacy school, used as a textbook for our Immunology course, but kept as a reference book.
Sep 11, 2013Lindsay rated it really liked it · review of another edition
A very good textbook, although it gets a technical for an introductory course in immunology.
Jan 24, 2014Mills College Library added it · review of another edition
Jan 13, 2013Kirsten Frank is currently reading it · review of another edition
Lots of information densely packaged.
Fatin Farhanah rated it it was amazing
Jan 05, 2018 The Immune System Peter Parham
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âUnlike some other immune-system gene families, whose genes are all clustered together on one chromosome, the 10 human TLR genes are distributed between five chromosomes. This reflects the ancient, invertebrate origin of the Toll-like receptors, which were present before the two genome-wide duplications that occurred during the early evolution of the vertebrates around 500 million years ago. On the basis of sequence similarities, the Toll-like receptors form four evolutionary lineages (I, II, III, and IV) that are descendants of the four Toll-like receptor loci formed by these two ancient genome duplications.â
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